Good and Evil and Human Understanding (Criticism of human knowledge in understanding good and evil based on the Quran and Sunnah)

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Professor of Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Department of Theology, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

10.22080/jepr.2025.28129.1232

Abstract

We humans encounter various issues daily, many of which we describe as good or evil. Sometimes, one matter is considered good by some and evil by others, raising a fundamental question: on what rational or ethical basis are these judgments made? Is the foundation of our judgment human nature? While all humans share a common nature and agree on condemning vices like oppression and lying, as well as praising virtues like justice and truth, disagreements still arise, especially in cases like war. Some view war as good, while others see it as evil. This contradiction suggests that human reason alone may not accurately determine good and evil. In complex and contentious matters, a higher form of reason is needed—one beyond individual human reason. Such reason and knowledge are universal, originating from a divine source. The Qur'an also highlights this issue, urging believers to reconsider the sources and methods of recognizing good and evil, which has been a point of contention between atheistic philosophers and theists. It advises not to rely solely on human reason, which often associates good and evil with worldly benefit or harm. The author argues that based on a monotheistic worldview, some matters are beyond human capacity to fully discern. Human reason, influenced by personal desires, can deviate from justice. Hence, to distinguish true good and evil, divine guidance is required. The divine prophets, whose knowledge comes from revelation, are the only ones who can accurately define the truth of good and evil.

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