Comparative Analysis of the Interpretive Views of Tabataba'i, Fakhr-Razi, and Abdul-Jabbar on God's Action and Human Free Will

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1 Professor of the Qur'an and Hadith Department, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, University of Mazandaran. Babolsar. Iran

2 Level 4student at Hazrat Khadija (PBUH) Seminary

10.22080/jepr.2026.29786.1289

Abstract

The following article examines the views of Allamah Tabataba'i, Fakhr al-Razi, and Abdul Jabbar al-Mu'tazili - three commentators from different theological schools (Imamiyah, Ash'ariyah, and Mu'tazilah) - regarding verse 2 of Surah al-Furqan and verse 30 of Surah al-Insan, and examines the role of monotheism of actions in human agency and freedom. For this purpose, using a descriptive-analytical method, after criticizing and examining the views of the three commentators, it was concluded that although all three of them agree on God being the cause of all causes, the Ash'ariyah, in order to expand God's power and deny polytheism, considers God to be the creator of the actions of his servants and introduces man as deprived of agency because it believes that human agency contradicts God's absolute power. On the other hand, the Mu'tazilah consider man independent in carrying out his actions and believe that God has delegated all matters to his servants. In order to justify God's justice and His reward and punishment, they have placed human action exclusively at his disposal. On the other hand, in the Imamiyyah view, the monotheism of actions does not contradict human free will in his actions, because God has willed that man should perform his actions by his own free will and he is responsible for them; but since God has given him these powers, human actions are based on God and do not require coercion. Therefore, by proving the Imamiyyah view, many doubts regarding divine justice will be answered.

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